4/6/2023 0 Comments Dead rising 3 map lagAlso a predominance of infants’ overlapping vocalizations was found in sinusoidal and in bell-shaped contours. We found a predominance of sinusoidal contours, followed by bell-shaped, rising, falling, U-shaped, and, finally, linear contours. A temporal segmentation (frequency and lengths) of melodic contours of humming, and descriptive comparative analyses were performed. Mothers ( N = 36) were invited to speak and to hum (using an improvised melody) for their preterm infants during kangaroo care. We aimed (1) to identify the melodic contours (sinusoidal, bell-shaped, U-shaped, rising, falling, and linear contours) of maternal humming directed to preterm infants in kangaroo care and (2) to identify preterm infants’ overlapping vocalizations in each humming melodic contour. However, we are unaware about melodic contours of maternal humming directed to preterm infants and its role for infants’ vocal responsiveness. Tonal or melodic contours of maternal voice directed to infants play a role in infants’ self-regulation and vocal responsiveness. This sustains a moderate state of arousal and improving self-regulation (Shoemark, 2011(Shoemark,, 2018(Shoemark,, 2019 with benefits for the infants' neurodevelopment as well as to the progress of attachment (Haslbeck & Bassler, 2018 Loewy, 2015 Shoemark, 2011Shoemark,, 2018Shoemark,, 2019 improving early mother-infant interaction and maternal self-efficacy (Shoemark et al., 2021). The use of the contingent maternal humming particularly during kangaroo care has been emphasized in the practice of music therapy in neonatal care centered on the family and on the individual neurodevelopment of preterm newborns (Haslbeck et al., 2020). In this way, the creative music therapy model at the NICU emphasizes the particular use of improvised humming (in lullaby style) directed to the preterm infant in a contingent way-adjusting its musical parameters (repetition, tempo, rhythmic, and melodic pattern) to breathing movements and signals emitted by the preterm infant (Haslbeck & Bassler, 2018 Haslbeck et al., 2020). Further feasibility studies are required using MT to determine appropriate outcome measures for infants and the support required for parents to allow future comparison in large-scale randomised control trials. MT with infants diagnosed with perinatal brain injury can have positive effects on infants’ behavioural and neurological parameters and support parental involvement in their infants’ developmental care. However, infants with PVL showed signs of stress in complex interventions, which also potentially resulted in an increase in maternal anxiety in one study. Vocal soothing was perceived to be an accessible intervention for parents. Additionally, MT intervention on the unit supported long-term hospitalised infants in the acquisition of developmental milestones. Results suggested the use of music interventions led to a reduction of infants’ pain scores during procedures and cardiorespiratory events, improved feeding ability (increase oral feeding rate, volume intake and feeds per day) and resulted in larger amygdala volumes than control groups. Studies had two primary areas of focus: developmental outcomes and physiological effects. Studies used either voice as live (n = 6) or pre-recorded (n = 3) interventions or pre-recorded instrumental music (n = 2). Eleven studies using music or vocal stimulation with infants diagnosed with perinatal brain injury were identified and quality assessed using Cochrane ROB2, the ROBINSI Tool and the Newcastle Ottawa Scale. Search terms were combined into three categories (audio stimulation (MT), population (neonates) and condition (brain injury), and eight electronic databases were used to identify relevant studies following PRISMA guidelines. This review therefore aimed to systematically evaluate the use of MT with infants diagnosed with perinatal brain injury in a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). Recent research highlights the ability of music therapy (MT) to empower parental bonding without handling, through sharing culturally informed personal music with their infant. This can potentially increase parental stress through the physical inability to bond with their baby. Standardised care necessitates minimal handling from parents and professionals to reduce the progression of injury. A significant proportion of these injuries result from hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy (HIE) in term infants and intracranial haemorrhage (IVH) or periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) in preterm infants. Perinatal brain injury occurs in 5.14/1000 live births in England.
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